Coventry in the Sixteenth Century
The
home of the Baker family in the mid to late sixteenth century
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The Bakers of Highfields Story
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Headlines of are
in brown.
Dates are in red.
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blue.
References and
citations are in turquoise.
Context and local
history are in purple.
1480
Laurence Saunders
Following his election as
chamberlain in 1480, Laurence Saunders aggressively defended the city's freemen
by driving hundreds of sheep off the common lands. He impounded animals
belonging to wealthy elite merchants and the Prior of St Mary’s, arguing they
were overgrazing and encroaching on public pasture. Saunders's actions were suppressed
by Coventry's ruling class, led by the Mayor and the
city's powerful recorder, Henry Butler. The municipal court, the Leet, fined
and jailed Saunders. He escaped to Ludlow to appeal directly to Prince Edward,
the Prince of Wales, and his council, accusing local officials of corruption
and denying him justice. Saunders spent the next
fifteen years leading protests and provoking civil unrest. His rhetoric grew
increasingly radical. In a public address in August 1494, he stoked populist
anger by declaring that the common people would never have justice until they
had striken off the heads of three or four
of these churls... that rule us.
1485
Lancastrian and Tudor
Loyalty
Throughout the Wars of the Roses,
the city of Coventry, as best it could, maintained its allegiance to the House
of Lancaster (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 101). The City came to
venerate the Lancastrian King Henry VI, overthrown, some may say usurped, twice
by Edward IV in 1461 and 1471. The King’s Window at St Mary’s Hall commemorates
Henry VI and his ancestors. The early sixteenth century Coventry Tapestry,
the oldest medieval tapestry still in its original place, and which hangs below
the north window in the Guildhall, probably depicts Henry VI and Margaret of
Anjou (though in the nineteenth century Sir George Scarf concluded that the
tapestry may have depicted Henry VII and Elizabeth).
After Henry Tudor’s (the first Tudor King, Henry VII)
victory at Bosworth Field he travelled via Leicester to Coventry, the City
Annals recording that “The earl being proclaimed King in the Fields came to
Coventry and the City gave him a hundred pounds and a Cup, and soe hee departed”. He stayed at the Black Bull Inn in Smithford Street, Coventry’s most prestigious inn, and home
of the mayor, Robert Onley. (McGrory, David (2004), A History
of Coventry, The History Press, page 99).
Coventry was a city
loyal to the House Lancaster, and to the House Tudor, which drew its tentative
lineage from the Lancastrian Line.
Yet the Tudor
lineage would not treat Coventry well.
1496
By 1496, after years of defying
municipal orders and instigating persistent enclosure disputes, Saunders was
summoned before the Mayor's court. His appeals to
royal authority ultimately failed to save him from local corporate power. He
was handed over to the Crown and vanished from public life after being
committed to London's Fleet Prison.
1500
Economic depression
At the start of the 1500s, Coventry was still heavily reliant on
its famous wool, weaving, and cloth-dyeing trades. However, a combination of
restrictive trade guild monopolies, prolonged warfare, and a major crash in
broadcloth exports during the 1540s and 1550s devastated the local economy.
During the sixteenth century, Coventry transitioned from a booming
late-medieval powerhouse into a city facing severe economic hardship and
dramatic structural change. After centuries of ranking as England's fourth-largest and wealthiest city, sixteenth century
Coventry suffered from the collapse of its main industry and the sweeping
disruptions of the English Reformation.
The wealthy wool merchants who once dominated the city virtually
disappeared by mid-century. Houses sat empty, and a large portion of the
population fell near or below the poverty line.
Diversification
To cope with the crash, the city's economy diversified. Suburban
areas like Spon and Gosford adapted by pivoting toward cap-making and blue
thread manufacture, for which Coventry became renowned.
At the beginning of the century all the wool
woven in the city was placed in the Searching House next to the Wool Hall in
Bayley Lane. The quality of weaving was checked by two weavers and fullers
especially appointed for the task….. Merchandise which
did not reach the required standard was returned. (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 143).
1506
The almshouse, Bond's Hospital was
founded and endowed in 1506 by Thomas Bond, a wealthy draper and former Mayor of Coventry, to
provide housing and sustenance for ten poor men and a female housekeeper. The inmates
were required to wear a hooded black gown and attend matins, mass and evensong
at St John’s daily. There was a second almshouse
known as Ford’s Hospital at Greyfriars Friary, founded in 1509 by William Ford.
1510
Lollardism was
a proto-Protestant religious movement that emerged in late fourteenth century
England. Initiated by the followers of John Wycliffe, a prominent Oxford
theologian and reformer, it rejected the authority and wealth of the Roman Catholic
Church in favour of a scripture-based, personalised faith. The term Lollard
originated as a derogatory Middle Dutch insult meaning mumbler.
Lollardism was
well established in Coventry, and in the reign of Henry VIII, according to Dr
Gairdner, the city was a “special nest of heresy”. In 1510, the year of Henry’s
visit, ten Lollards accused of heresy were forced to carry heavy bundles of
faggots, symbolic of their death by fire, before the people at Cross Cheaping. All recanted except Joan Ward, who was burnt at
the stake in the Little Park at Park Hallows. (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 109).
1517
In 1517 the Leet ordered every alderman in the city with men to
search for vacaboundes and lusty beggars
and make them leave their wants on threat of imprisonment.
1518
And these bygge
beggars, that will not worke well to get ether
levying, but lye in the feldes and breke hedges and stele mennys fruyt in somour, let them be banished
from the town. Or els pnyssh theym
so without fauour that they schal
be wery to hyde therein. (The Leet, 1518).
1520
In 1520 the mayor caused a census to be made and the population was recorded at 6,601 (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 125).
In the 1520s there were ninety separate trades
and the leading trades were Cappers, Weavers, Shearmen, Butchers, Shoemakers,
Drapers, Dyers, Bakers, Mercers, Tailors, Tanners and Smiths (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 144).
In addition to the inns which provided accommodation, there were
numerous alehouses. When a census of people and grain was taken in 1520 there
was a total population of 6,601. There were 68 brewers brewing 146 quarters of
malt a week and 43 bakers baking 132 quarters of wheat a week. From this it has
been calculated that the consumption of ale or beer was a quart a day for each
member of the population, man, woman and child (The City of
Coventry: Social history to 1700, in
A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8, the City of Coventry and Borough
of Warwick, ed. W B Stephens. London, 1969).
1523
There was decline in Coventry even before the
Dissolution of the Monasteries. As early as 1523 there were 565 empty houses
counted in the city. Much of this is believed toi be
due to the decline in the cloth and cap trade. Production of the famed ‘Coventry
true blue’ cloth and dark blue threat noted for its permanence lasted from the
fifteenth to the end of the sixteenth centuries. The colour came from the woad
plant, which was imported from Southampton. That Coventry blue was better than
most is often attributed to the local water, but other old sources suggest that
woad was being mixed with madder and sloe berries which once grew prolifically
in the area. (McGrory, David
(2004), A History of Coventry, The History Press, page 143).
1525
The uprising,
commonly known as the Coventry Lammas Day Rebellion, took place in August 1525.
It was a sharp, localized violent protest driven by a mix of economic
desperation and civic betrayal. The spark was the illegal enclosure of communal
lands. Traditionally, on Lammas Day (1 August), certain agricultural fields
around Coventry were opened up to the public as common
pasture. However, local landlords and wealthy oligarchs had begun fencing off
these fields for private use, stripping the city’s poor weavers and commoners
of their livelihoods. On late July and early August, the commonalty of
Coventry revolted. Driven by rumours and anger, an angry mob tore down the
hedges, broke open the gated enclosures, and rioted through the streets.
Strikingly, the Mayor of Coventry, Nicholas Heynes, actually
sympathised with and sanctioned the riotous behaviour rather than
suppressing it.
Alarmed by the
breakdown of civic order, Henry VIII issued a royal commission to the regional magnate,
the Marquess of Dorset. Dorset raised an army of several thousand men and
surrounded the city. The rebellion quickly folded under the threat of
overwhelming military force. When the
local nobility, led by Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, marched to suppress
the Coventry rioters, they used Kenilworth to safely imprison thirty six arrested rebels. Furthermore, because Coventry
itself was deemed too volatile and plagued by illness, the death, the
Abbot hosted the royal judicial court at Kenilworth to try and sentence the
ringleaders safely outside the city walls. This vital support earned him Henry
VIII’s personal promise of future royal favour.
During the 1525 uprising, Abbot William Wall opened
up the secure defences of Kenilworth Castle and abbey lands to serve as
a base of operations for the King’s forces. A later letter from William Wall,
the Abbot of Kenilworth (wrongly attributed to Sir William Gascoigne) to Thomas
Cromwell on 17 June 1536 wrote I and my poor house are much disquieted about
our manor or cell of Broke, Rutland, owing to the canon I sent thither to rule
there giving up the title of the house to the King, because he had not as large
a pension assigned to him as he wished. When I first received your letters, you
will remember I offered the lease of the house to any friend of yours, and gave a bond of 1,000 marks to the lessee for his
surety; which, if we cannot fulfil, we shall be dangered
in the said sum. I beg therefore that you will be a mean to the King that the
manor may still belong to us, or that we may have it at a reasonable rent ; especially as his Highness, for my good service done
at the insurrection at Coventry, promised me his favour in any reasonable suit.
(Public Records of the reign of Henry VIII, Volume
10, Folio 1151).
1533
Break with Rome and
Dissolution of the Monasteries
When Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn married in a secret, pre-dawn
ceremony on 25 January 1533, at Whitehall Palace it was probably Dr Rowland
Lee, a trusted royal chaplain. It was later said that Lee hesitated to perform
the ceremony because Henry did not have the Pope's written permission to
remarry. Henry reportedly lied and told Lee that he did have the papal license,
but it was locked away elsewhere in the palace. Lee was later rewarded for his loyalty
by being named Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield.
A significant consequence of the break with Rome was the
dissolution of the monasteries.
There is a separate page which explains the fate of Charterhouse, Coventry.
1536
Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries hit Coventry
exceptionally hard. As a major ecclesiastical centre, the city was stripped of
its wealth, and its influential religious institutions, including Whitefriars, Greyfriars,
and the Benedictine Priory of St. Mary's, were dissolved and looted.
St Mary's Priory and Cathedral was Coventry's first medieval
cathedral and a major Benedictine monastery. When St. Mary’s Priory was
demolished, Coventry lost its status as a cathedral city. The corporation
fought to save the Cathedral and the Priory of St Mary, arguing that the former
could serve as a parish church, but Coventry already had two large parish churches
and there was another cathedral at Lichfield, which held secular canons not the
Benedictines that Henry hated so much and in June 1545 the crown disposed of
the Priory for £1,000. (McGrory, David (2004), A
History of Coventry, The History Press, page 116). It
was the only English cathedral completely demolished
during the Reformation, because the civic administration could not raise the
funds to buy and spare it as a parish church.
Dugdale wrote extensively about St. Mary's Priory
and Cathedral, the crown jewel of Coventry’s religious life and the city’s
single largest property owner. He recorded that after its surrender in 1539, the massive cathedral church was completely razed. He
detailed how the local citizenry was offered the buildings by the Crown, but
because they could not raise the necessary funds to purchase them, the vast majority of the majestic structure was
systematically demolished for its raw materials. Dugdale was
deeply critical of how sacred spaces were rapidly privatised and commodified.
He tracked how the Crown treated monastic assets as an economic windfall,
stripping valuables and immediately putting the estates up for sale. In
Coventry, he highlighted the actions of John Hales, a prominent Crown servant
who bought up vast swaths of the city's suppressed monastic property in 1545,
including St. Mary's and the Whitefriars monastery. Dugdale noted how these
ancient spiritual sites were aggressively restructured into private, secular
residences or repurposed for civic functions. Beyond the
physical brick and stone, Dugdale’s writing was motivated by a deep sense of
historical regret. He argued that the wholesale destruction and sale of
Coventry's monasteries was a massive historical mistake that triggered a severe
economic and population collapse for the city, with the loss of industry driving
the city's population down from roughly 7,000 to 3,000. In both The Antiquities of Warwickshire and his later Monasticon
Anglicanum, he saw the dissolution not as
a holy reform, but as an act of short-sighted architectural and cultural
vandalism.
Deprived of monastery-driven commerce and pilgrimage wealth, the
city’s population plummeted drastically, shrinking from roughly 7,000 down to
just 3,000 residents.
1538
In 1538, Humfrey Reynoldes of Coventry, a yeoman of the Crown, submitted a
reform proposal to reorganise the lands and revenues of abbeys, using the Black
Monks (Benedictines) of Coventry as a blueprint. He argued that despite holding
some of the most profitable lands in the realm, religious houses were heavily
in debt. The Coventry monks had a revenue of nearly £1,000 but were in debt for
almost the same amount, partly because the bishop held £300 of their best
lands. The monasteries force tenants to overbid for convent leases, causing
local disputes and variance. The ill living and conversation of the
monks, and their failure to live according to their vows, was cited as a
primary reason for the dissolution (pulling down) of abbeys. Monks spend over
£40 per individual, yet failed to maintain their full
numbers or upkeep their houses. Reynoldes proposed
capping the total expenditure at roughly £1,000 yearly by restructuring the
monastery into a combined religious and secular military/administrative estate.
The revenue would support 20 monk-priests. The Abbot or Prior's role would be
restricted to spiritual guidance over his brethren, stripping him of control
over temporal (financial/worldly) matters. The Prior would receive 40s
annually, the subprior 20s, and each monk 6s 8d, with each monk also supporting
a student scholar in the almonry until they become priests. The abbey's wealth
would instead fund a structured hierarchy of secular officials, gentlemen, and
soldiers who would receive fees, clothing liveries, housing, and meals. Leadership
would be provided by a Head Captain/Justice of the Peace (£40 fee) and a Petty
Captain (£20 fee); administration by an attorney/controller, steward, receiver,
marshal, and a physician; with a Garrison/Retinue of 15 gentlemen, 15 yeomen,
15 grooms, and 15 pages—all required to provide their own horse, harness, and
weapon, and share a bed between two. (Public
Records of the reign of Henry VIII, Volume 13 – Part 2,
Folio 1198
(page 505)).
While this provides a historical snapshot of the early 1530s, the
Crown ultimately went in a completely different, much more radical direction. Reynolds'
reform plan was heavily motivated by personal frustration. He was an ambitious
local man who had been repeatedly outbid by wealthy merchants when trying to
lease lands from the wealthy Coventry
Priory. His petition was essentially an attempt to get Henry VIII to strip
the monks of their financial power so that local men like himself could benefit.
The
monks of Coventry Priory actually held an emergency chapter meeting around 1533
specifically to plan their defence and appeal against Reynolds' hostile
proposals.
Henry VIII and his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, chose not to
reform or repurpose the monasteries into administrative military estates as
Reynolds envisioned. Instead, they opted for complete Dissolution.
In 1539, just a few years after this proposal, Coventry Priory was fully suppressed
and surrendered to the Crown. Rather than being turned into a secular
administrative house with captains and pages, the monastic buildings were
completely dismantled, the cathedral church was defaced and ruined, and the
vast lands were sold off or granted to wealthy royal favourites and the city's
civic elite.
On 20 September 1538, the Mayor and Aldermen of Coventry wrote to
Thomas Cromwell. It is reported that the Grey and White Friars of Coventry
are to be suppressed. Their churches can ill be
spared; for in time of plague, sick people resort to them to hear divine
service. There are but two parish churches in the town, and no small number of
Christian people belong to them. If in time of plague sick people resorted to
the parish churches they would infect the whole city.
We beg you therefore to intercede with the King that those two churches of
friars remain, the religious persons thereof to be reformed at the King's
pleasure. Coventry 20 Sept. Signed by William Cotom, mayor, Roger Wigston,
recorder, Thomas Banwell, Julian Nethermyll, Ric. Heryng,
Thos Dode, Thos. Arcelen, Roger Myllys, Hugh Lawton,
John Gett, Roger Palmer, Chr. Wayd, Chr. Waren; Henry
Woner, Wm. Mailer, Cuthbert Jenour, Ric. Lee. In desperation, they wrote
again on 20 October 1538. The King's commissioner, Dr. London, is now at
Coventry to suppress the two houses of friars for their demerits, and though we
have asked him to forbear till we should hear from your Lordship about leaving
the churches, or at least one of them, standing, we find him very hard. For all
we can do, he has defaced the church of the Grey Friars and begun to do the
like with the White Friars, but by great entreaty we have got him to stay as to
the latter till we have sent to your Lordship for help. We beg you to intercede
with the King that we may obtain the same, with the houses and gardens, else it
will be a danger and decay to the city. They added, perhaps not helping
their case, A rental of the house and gardens of the Carmelite or White
Friars of Coventry, viz., of 31 houses and 11 gardens specified by tenants'
names or otherwise. Total, £5 15s 8d (Public
Records of the reign of Henry VIII, Volume 13 – Part 2 Folio 394,
650).
1540s
Despite the economic ruin, Coventry maintained a distinct civic identity.
It was historically a hotbed for religious radicalism and late-medieval heresy.
During the late 1540s, a growing Protestant faction within the city’s elite
took root, ultimately leading Coventry to become a heavily Puritan and
Parliamentarian stronghold by the time the next century closed.
The physical landscape altered as well. While the great medieval
city walls still stood tall and protected the residents, the towering stone ruins
of the dissolved monasteries were gradually sold off or absorbed into private
gentry estates.
1544
The Coventry Cross
The deeds of Holy Trinity Church contain the
first reference to a cross in Coventry in a document dated 1300. The cartulary
of St Mary’s Priory, compiled around 1400, also contains reference to this
early cross (McGrory, David
(2004), A History of Coventry, The History Press, page 129). The
City Annals record that Cuthbert Joyner, the mayor, laid the first stone of the
new cross in 1541. It rose to a height of 57 feet, exceeding expectations. In
the lower section stood statues of Henry VI, King John, Edward I, Henry II,
Richard I and Henry V. In the second storey were Edward III, Henry II and
Richard III, St Michael and St George. (McGrory,
David (2004), A History of Coventry, The History Press, page 130).
That stately cross here (is)
one of the chief things wherein this city most glories, which for
workmanship and beauty is inferior to none in England (Sir William Dugdale, The Antiquities of Warwickshire).
The cross is the subject of a rhyme that predates a similar rhyme
about Banbury Cross. Ride a cock horse to Coventry Cross; To see what Emma
can buy; A penny white cake; I’ll buy for her sake; And a twopenny tart or a
pie. The Coventry text mirrors the structure of the earliest recorded
iteration of the rhyme from Tommy Thumb's Pretty
Song Book (c 1744), which similarly focused on going to a cross to buy
baked goods rather than watching a fine lady.
1545
Whereas formerly the city has been wealthy and
famous it had of late years been brought into decay and poverty; and though
numbering 11,000 or 12,000 houseling people had but
two churches where God’s service could be done (Letter to the Crown, 1545).
The King Henry VIII School was founded by
John Hales in the church of the Whitefriars dissolved monastery. After his return to London, he
desired his intimate Acquaintance, Lord Cromwell and Sir Anthony Dennis to move
the King, that he might have leave to purchase some of his Majesty’s Lands
lying in and about Coventry. The King
was easily prevailed upon to hearken to any motions of this Kind but
understanding there was no Free School in the said City, he told Sir Anthony
that he should be well pleased to meet with a Purchaser who would give
something towards the Foundation of a School, whereby others might be
encouraged to promote so good a Work. Sir Anthony answered, That His Majesty knew
John Hales to be a very good Scholar, and a Lover of Learning and Learned Men;
and therefore, could not meet with a Purchaser more fit for that Purpose. Hereupon the King sent for Mr Hales and asked
him whether in case of a Purchase he would be willing to do something towards
the erection of a Free School in Coventry.
Mr Hales answered, that he should
be very well pleased to do so,
and that since the Motion was made
by His Majesty, the
School which he would found should be called King Henry VII’s School (Lamond,
Elizabeth (1549), A
Discourse of the Common Weal of This Realm of England).
In its period at Whitefriars and, initially,
at St John’s the first headmaster of the school was called Sherwyn. He was
followed by John Tovey, who the City Account of 1599 state was paid 40s to go
to Oxford to take his degree as Master of Arts. Tovey would lead the school
successfully into the new century. (McGrory,
David (2004), A History of Coventry, The History Press, page 130).
In 1547 the annals record that the stews was
putt down by the King’s Commandment, the suppression of the brothels being
part of a nationwide attack on immorality.
1549
Coventry Bakers
Coventry bakers and millers were encouraged in 1549 by an
arrangement which required the bakers to use Coventry millers and the millers
to serve Coventry bakers first. It is perhaps significant that this took place
just five years after the millers had been allowed to form a company and draw
up their ordinances. Brewing also was regulated according to circumstances. (The
Coventry Leet Book 772 and 793. For
control of the bakers' guild, see pages 161 to 162). The
Coventry Leet Book is a highly detailed, medieval ledger containing the
official records, ordinances, and court proceedings of Coventry’s Court Leet
(the municipal governing body) spanning from 1420 to 1555.
1555
Bloody Mary
After Mary was crowned in 1553 the city magistrates were
ordered to put down any Protestant services in the city, but few in Coventry
were Catholic at heart and secret services went on in the fields until more
tolerant times returned with the reign of Elizabeth (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 109). The bloody reign of Mary was felt in Coventry.
Foxe's Book of Martyrs,
recorded the public execution at Coventry on 8 February 1555 of the Protestant
minister, another Lawrence Saunders. Saunders preached against the restoration
of Popery and holding heretical views on transubstantiation,
and was stripped of his ministry by Bishop Edmund Bonner before being
sent to Coventry to serve as a warning to local Protestants. There is a
monumental cross, erected in 1910, to the Coventry Martyrs, at the bottom of
Little Park Street.
1557
Mystery Plays
Coventry, like York, Chester and Wakefield, had a cycle of Corpus
Christi or Mystery Plays. The Coventry Mystery Plays were lavish, civic-backed
theatrical productions dramatising Bible stories,
performed annually in Coventry until their final suppression on 18 June 1579.
They were normally performed by the city’s trade guilds on Corpus
Christi day. Huge wagons, known as pageant wagons, were dragged around
the city as stages on wheels.
The grand finale of the theatrical cycle was a spectacular production
of The Last Judgment (Doomsday). During the last pageant of the day, the
‘saved’ souls wore white leather while the ‘doomed’ had blackend
faces and wore yellow clothes painted with flames. Accompanied by the cries of
the crowd, each was dragged or driven into a giant ‘hells mouth’ by a black
devil. (McGrory, David (2004), A History of
Coventry, The History Press, page 128).
While most of the original Coventry cycle is lost, two pageants
survive, The Shearmen and Tailors' Pageant and The Weavers' Pageant.
The Shearmen
and Tailors' Pageant covers the Nativity and the Massacre of the Innocents,
featuring the haunting Coventry
Carol sung as a lullaby by the mothers of Bethlehem.
The plays were banned in 1579 as the Reformation took hold and
authorities grew suspicious of traditional Catholic elements and popular
vernacular drama.
1560
In 1560 Thomas Wheatley founded Bablake School,
which later shrank to 21 pupils from poor backgrounds picked because of their
deserving character.
1565
Queen Elizabeth made her one and only visit to
Coventry on Saturday 17 August 1565, during one of her state visits around the
realm. John Throckmorton, the recorder, gave a speech of welcome, informing her
of the city’s connection to the Black Prince and Henry VI. (McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The
History Press, page 109).
1569
Mary Queen of Scots in Coventry
A Catholic uprising
in northern England aimed to depose Elizabeth I and put her cousin Mary on the
English throne. Elizabeth I ordered Mary moved south
from Tutbury Castle because Coventry had strong, defensible city walls and sat
far away from northern rebel sympathisers. Mary arrived with an escort of 400
troops and her own small entourage. In November 1569 Elizabeth ordered that
Mary Queen of Scots be brought to the safety of walled Coventry. On 25 November
Sir Ralph Sadler wrote “yesterday the Queen of Scots was removed from Tutbury
to Asby and we had assured account that she shall be
in Coventry this night. (McGrory, David (2004),
A History of Coventry, The History Press, page 134). Mary was held in
Coventry for roughly 38 to 39 days. On January 2, 1570, as the threat of the
northern rebellion receded, she was transferred back to Tutbury.
1570s
Pastimes included
cockfighting and animal baiting. All classes enjoyed baiting badgers, dogs,
bulls and bears.
1579
1579 was a plague
year.
1585
William Shakespeare
William
Shakespeare played in Coventry every year between 1585 and 1591. In 1594 he
joined the Chamberlain’s Men and his last tour as a player was with the King’s
Men (Shakespeare’s own company) in 1603 who again performed in Coventry. They
probably performed in St Mary’s Guildhall. (McGrory,
David (2004), A History of Coventry, The History Press, page 148).
The Mystery Plays deeply influenced Shakespeare's writing and imagery, such as
references in Macbeth and The Tempest. In 1603, London
theatres were shut down due to a major plague outbreak and the death of Queen
Elizabeth I. Newly patronised by King James I, the King's Men went on an
extensive regional tour and performed in Coventry. The plays they travelled
with during this time likely included Hamlet, Twelfth Night, The
Merry Wives of Windsor and Troilus and Cressida. From July to
December 1608, another plague outbreak forced London playhouses to close again.
Records show the King's Men were in Coventry in late October 1608. The plays
likely included Coriolanus, Antony and Cleopatra and Pericles.
1588
Sixteenth century Satire
Sir Richard
Knightley was a staunch Puritan and a member of Parliament who strongly opposed
the Crown's suppression of religious freedom. The Martin Marprelate
Tracts were a series of highly controversial, illegal Puritan pamphlets
published between 1588 and 1589 under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate. Written
with a brilliant, witty, and deeply irreverent tone, they used satire, gossip,
and biting irony to attack the institutional power of the Elizabethan bishops.
In late 1588, Knightley agreed to hide the rogue printing press at his family
estate, Fawsley Hall in Northamptonshire. To protect the operation, Knightley
leveraged his family network and sent the radical printer Robert Waldegrave and
author John Penry to Coventry. The press was relocated to Whitefriars, the
former Carmelite friary which had been converted into a manor house.
Whitefriars was owned by Knightley's nephew by marriage, John Hales. Records
suggest that Hales was not particularly thrilled about harbouring illegal
subversives. He later claimed he only agreed to host them out of strict family
loyalty to Knightley.
Despite the
tension, the secret press was highly productive during its stay in Coventry
from January to March 1589, printing three major texts. Certain Mineral and Metaphysical
Schoolpoints was a satirical broadsheet completed
in late January. A View of Some Part of Such Public Wants was a treatise
written by Puritan reformer John Penry in February. Hay any Work for
Cooper was
the exlosive fourth official Marprelate
tract, completed by late March, which directly mocked Thomas Cooper, the Bishop
of Winchester.
When the secret
ring was exposed, the Queen's Privy Council cracked down harshly. Sir Richard Knightley
was arrested, hauled before the Star Chamber, fined an astronomical £2,000, and
imprisoned in the Tower of London. John Hales was also arrested and fined.
Because of their high social standing, both Knightley and Hales eventually had
their financial fines remitted, but the Coventry printing operation remains one
of the most famous hit-and-run campaigns in the history of English free speech.
Sabbatarianism
was growing during this period. In 1588 the opening of shops, playing games, or
idly walking about were forbidden during service time on Sundays. In 1599 these
orders were intensified, indoor games and idly sitting in streets or fields
being added to the other forbidden activities. Football in the streets would
incur gaol after 1595 and children's games in the street were forbidden in 1605. (The City of
Coventry: Social history to 1700, in
A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8, the City of Coventry and Borough
of Warwick, ed. W B Stephens. London, 1969).
1599
Coventry hath
abundance of ale houses, taverns and innes whiche are so fraught with maltworms (drunkards) noghte and daye that
you shal wunder to see
them. You shal have them ther
sitting at the wine and good ale all daye longe and nighte too, even a whole week as longe as money is lefte (Thomas Platter’s Travels
in England 1599, London: Jonathan Cape).
1603
Coventry’s part in the Gunpowder Plot
James VI of
Scotland, soon James I of England, stayed on the Rutland estates of Sir John
Harington in April 1603 during his historic royal progress from Edinburgh to
London to claim the English throne following the death of Queen Elizabeth I.
Sir John was made a ward of the King’s eight-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, who
was sent to Coombe Abbey on the outskirts of Coventry. Princess Elizabeth lived
at Coombe Abbey for about five years, receiving a rigorous education in
history, theology, languages, and music.
1605
The Catholic
conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605, planned to kidnap the young
princess Elizabeth from Coombe Abbey and install her as a puppet monarch. The
plot failed. Princess Elizabeth was brought into Palace Yard in Coventry to
keep safe from the Gunpowder Plotters.
Afterwards
Princes Elizabeth returned to Coombe Abbey, where she remained until 1608 when
she moved to Kew.
1611
In 1611, James I
severely rebuked the city corporation for allowing citizens to receive Holy
Communion while standing rather than kneeling.
The Puritans
found that James I, like Elizabeth, disappointed their expectations. In 1611
they were ordered, in a letter from the king himself, to receive the sacrament
kneeling, 'to the grief of many'. Ten years later James refused to approve the
new charter until he was satisfied that the orders of the church were being
observed. (The City of
Coventry: Social history to 1700, in
A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8, the City of Coventry and Borough
of Warwick, ed. W B Stephens. London, 1969).
1617
In September 1617,
James I stayed in Coventry as part of the homeward leg of his royal progress
back from Scotland. This had been his only return visit to his homeland after
ascending the English throne in 1603. Coventry served as a convenient and
politically vital stopover as the royal entourage journeyed south back to
London. He stayed at the by then grand manor house at Whitefriars. On 2
September 1617, the city welcomed the King with formal civic pageantry. The
celebrated scholar and translator Philemon Holland, a prominent Coventry
resident, was chosen by the city to deliver an oration in the King's honour.
Clad in a custom suit of black satin, Holland delivered an elegant speech
praising the monarch, which was so well received that it was later published.
Despite the
outward display of luxury and celebration, the visit took place against a
backdrop of political and religious friction between the Crown and Coventry's
elite. James was deeply concerned with the Puritan temper of Coventry.
He used the 1617 visit to inspect local conformity to the Church of England.
The local magistrates had their own agenda. On the advice of Sir Edward Coke,
Coventry's legal advisor, the city was transitioning into a self-electing
oligarchy. The Corporation used the lavish feast to curry favour with James in
hopes of securing a new royal charter to formalize this power structure, which
they eventually secured in 1621.
1621
A self-electing Oligarchy
In 1621, James I
issued a new Governing Charter to Coventry. While it aimed to streamline local
administration, it structurally centralised power away from ordinary citizens.
The charter created a strict ruling body composed of the Mayor,
ten aldermen, and freemen chosen by the council itself. This was viewed locally
as a significant step backward. It effectively revoked the right of the general
population to democratically elect their city leaders, a privilege they had possessed
since Edward III's Charter of Incorporation in 1345.
The later years
of James I's reign saw a slow stabilisation of the city. Structurally, Coventry
was transitioning away from its medieval dominance as a cloth hub. It had began showing stronger Puritan leanings. The tightening of
royal control after the 1621 Charter alienating the common populace, combined
with growing religious dissent, caused local sentiment to sour toward the Crown
near the end of James's life.
1626
Two Coventry Chamberlains
were fined £20 each because their Lammas Feast was not as good as the one the
previous year.
1635
Tensions with Charles I
Relations between
the monarchy and Coventry deteriorated dramatically during Charles I's period
of Personal Rule, eleven years when he ruled without calling Parliament.
Historically, Ship Money was a non-parliamentary tax levied only on
coastal towns for naval defence during times of war. In 1635, Charles extended this
tax to inland counties, including Warwickshire. As a landlocked city,
Coventry's citizens and leadership strongly protested the considerable
contribution demanded of them. The imposition of what locals viewed as an
illegal, arbitrary tax bred deep resentment against royal authority and pushed
the city's influential merchant class toward the opposition.
The city became
increasingly influenced by Puritanism, with local leaders, preachers, and townspeople
increasingly favouring austere, reformed Protestant practices.
Charles I and his
Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempted to enforce Laudianism, High Church practices and uniformity
that many Puritans viewed as a dangerous drift back toward Catholicism.
1641
The town was
surrounded by massive red sandstone city walls, with 32 towers and 12
gatehouses. These defences gave the local leadership a sense of security and
political leverage. As the national political crisis escalated, Coventry used
this geographical advantage to protect its own municipal and religious
interests from royal interference.
The Puritans were
back in the ascendancy in 1641 when the altar of Holy Trinity was replaced by
the table. Two Presbyterians, Obadiah Grew and John Bryan, became vicars
respectively of St. Michael in 1642 and Holy Trinity in 1644. The covenant was
taken in 1643 and Coventry remained staunchly
Parliamentarian throughout the Civil War period. It is possible that the phrase
'sent to Coventry' derived from the unbending attitude of the townsfolk to
Royalist prisoners sent there. The diary of Robert Beake (mayor, 1655) gives
some indication of the strict Sabbatarianism in force in Coventry during the
Commonwealth period. Offenders were put in the stocks or the cage for
travelling on Sunday, and even the man who was travelling 'to be a godfather'
was fined. Beake seems to have been very zealous in his duties. He was active
in suppressing disorder and the selling of unlicensed ale and personally
visited all the unlicensed alehouses in three wards, while he spent his Sundays
in the park, to observe 'who idly walked there'. (The City of
Coventry: Social history to 1700, in
A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8, the City of Coventry and Borough
of Warwick, ed. W B Stephens. London, 1969).
Siding with the Parliamentarians in the Civil War
1642
The accumulation
of these pre-war tensions culminated in August 1642. Just as the Civil War was
sparking across the nation, Charles I marched on Coventry with a cavalry force
to claim the strategic base. Harbouring years of resentment over taxes and religion,
the Mayor and citizens refused the King entry,
shutting the gates and successfully repelling his forces, marking Coventry's
formal entry into the war as a Parliamentarian bastion.
Bibliography
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Company of Coventry, 1550–1680, University Park: Penn State University
Press, pages 59–81.
Hulton, M (1979), Coventry and its People in the 1520s,
Stratford upon Avon: The Dugdale Society.
McGrory, David (2004), A History of Coventry, The History
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Phythian-Adams, C (1979), Desolation of a City: Coventry and
the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University
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